2024 Presidential Election: Overview of the Candidates Shaping America's Future

Source: The New York Times

DISCLAIMER FROM AUTHOR: The information about each candidate is based off of what has been stated as of March 5th of 202 -  whether or not they are still running is the only thing that has been updated on April 8th, but that is all. The author’s political affiliation has had no influence in the creation of this article and is not linked in any way, shape, or form. 

It’s presidential election year once again, and like clockwork, many high school seniors and young adults are going to be faced with their first big government decision. Nowadays with social media, there are countless accounts of false information being spread about every candidate, and most people don’t take the time to research every candidate. Now, let us take a closer look at each of the 2024 presidential election candidates.

To no surprise, the two primary candidates are Donald Trump and Joe Biden - both of whom have served a single term (Joe Biden is currently serving). So, to begin with, it is important to look at a summary of their actions while in office.

Donald J. Trump

Source: The New York Times

He was elected on November 8, 2016 against his opponent, Hilary Clinton. Trump had approximately 46.2% of the popular vote but had 57.2% of the electoral college votes. 

The first major event he was faced with was writing a formal withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement; on the same day he also reinstated the Mexico City Policy. The Mexico City Policy, known as the “Global Gag Rule,” blocks U.S. federal funding from going to non-governmental organizations that provide abortion counseling or referrals, these restrictions also extend to organizations that support decriminalizing abortion and expanding abortion services. This policy has since been rescinded by President Joe Biden in 2021 (see next section for more information). On the same day, January 23, 2017, he was faced with his first presidential lawsuit on account of accusations of violating the “emoluments clause,” which prohibits those within a federal office position from receiving any sort of gift, payment, or item of value from a foreign state ruler, officer, or representative. 

Also, during January of 2017, he issued Executive Orders 13767 and 13768, which instructed the Secretary of Homeland Security to hire 10,000 more immigration officers to aid in the deportation of illegal aliens, begin the planning, designing, and construction of the wall along the southern U.S. border, and begin the process of prohibiting federal funds from going to sanctuary jurisdictions. 

Two days later, Trump issued Executive Order 13769 which created a “Travel Ban” by suspending the Refugee Admissions Policy for 120 days. By suspending this policy, it prohibited people from Iran, Iran, Libya, Somalian, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from entering the United States. This led to Trump firing Acting Attorney General Sally Yates because she refused to enforce the “Travel Ban” order. This Order remained in place until March 6, 2017,when it was replaced by selected immigration suspensions and higher barriers to enter the country.

On March 28, 2017, Trump issued Executive Order 13783, reversing the environmental protections put in place by Barack Obama. In his own words, Trump did this to “promote clean and safe development of our Nation’s vast energy resources, while at the same time avoiding regulatory burdens that unnecessarily encumber energy production, constrain economic growth, and prevent job creation.” This order helped to reform New Source Review permitting, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Employment Evaluations, and general industry regulations in the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency); it also caused the repeal efforts for the Clean Power Plan, the non-enforcement of the Methane Emissions Standards for Oil and Natural Gas Sector, the cancellation of the Oil and Gas Information Collection Request, and lowering the Mid-Term Evaluation for Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards. 

On January 23, 2018, Trump issued Proclamations 9693 and 9694 to impose tariffs on Chinese products, such as solar panels and washing machines, which led to a trade war between the United States and China. As the year progressed more controversy around his presidency arose, primarily centered around his relations with other countries, with one example being the moving of the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in Israel which increased tension between Israelis and Palestinians. Another rising concern was the validity of his win in the 2016 election, especially once Michael Cohen, Trump’s former personal lawyer, was sentenced to three years after admitting to numerous political and financial regulations relating to Trump’s campaign.

Throughout 2019, Russia’s involvement in the 2016 election continued to be investigated as well as connections between Trump and the president of Ukraine, Volodmyr Zelenskyy, afterTrump asked him to investigate his primary opponent in the next election -  Joe Biden. 

A detrimental situation that Trump was faced with was the Covid-19 pandemic. Once the first death from the virus was confirmed in the United States, he suspended travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days, beginning on March 11, 2020, and stated that the government is responding with great speed and professionalism. Three days later, he instated Proclamation 9994 which declared the outbreak as a national emergency, which allowed him to begin using additional funds to combat the virus, support the healthcare system, and put public health mandates in place. Following this, on March 27th, Trump signed the CARES Act (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security) which allowed for a $2.2 trillion economic stimulus bill to aid struggling individuals, businesses, and governments. Then on July 5th, Trump notified the United Nations that the U.S. was withdrawing from the World Health Organization (WHO) as of July 6th the following year. However, throughout the pandemic, Trump himself did not act very cautious of the virus - that is - until October 2nd when he tweeted that he and Melania Trump had tested positive for Covid after not wearing masks at the first presidential debate.

Despite his confidence about winning the 2020 election, he lost to the democratic primary, Joe Biden.

In his last month of presidency in 2021, the House of Representatives introduced an Article of Impeachment against Trump for the “incitement of insurrection,” mostly relating to his encouragement of his supporters storming the capital once the 2020 election results were released. They brought this upon the court’s attention seeing as it endangered the security of the United States and its institutions and threatened the integrity of the democratic process. The article passed in the House with votes 232-197. It was brought to the Senate on January 25, 2021,  and the vote 57-43 was decided on February 13;  however it failed to meet the ⅔ needed to pass, so it failed. In April, July, and August, Trump was indicted four times for falsifying business records, alleged crimes related to his continued possession of highly classified documents, conspiring to change the 2020 elections results illegally in Georgia, and efforts to overturn the 2020 national election results.

Joe Biden

Source: The New York Times

He was elected on November 7, 2020 against primary republican, Donald Trump. He had approximately 51.3% of the popular vote and 306 electoral college votes -  his presidency officially began on January 20, 2021.

Biden's presidency began in the middle of a global pandemic and economic downturn, requiring immediate action to address pressing issues. In his first year in office, Biden focused on tackling the COVID-19 crisis and reviving the economy. One of his first acts was the American Rescue Plan, a $1.9 trillion stimulus package aimed at giving relief to individuals, businesses, and state and local governments. The plan included direct payments to Americans, expanded unemployment benefits, funding for vaccine distribution, and support for small businesses. Biden also took numerous measures in the fight against COVID-19. His administration launched a nationwide vaccination campaign, surpassing his goal of 100 million shots in his first 100 days. He also re-engaged with the World Health Organization and implemented a mask mandate on federal property. These efforts helped to curb the spread of the virus and begin the process of reopening the economy.

Economically, Biden's policies focused on rebuilding and strengthening the middle class. He signed executive orders to promote Buy American policies, strengthen workers' rights, and support small businesses. Additionally, he unveiled a $2.3 trillion infrastructure plan, the American Jobs Plan, aimed at modernizing the country's infrastructure, creating jobs, and combating climate change. Overall, Biden's first year in office was marked by a focus on recovery: both from the pandemic and the economic downturn. His actions laid the groundwork for future growth and set the tone for his administration's priorities.

In his second year in office, Joe Biden continued to prioritize rebuilding the economy and addressing key issues facing the country. Building on the American Jobs Plan, Biden unveiled the American Families Plan, a $1.8 trillion proposal aimed at expanding access to education, childcare, and healthcare. The plan included measures such as universal pre-kindergarten, free community college, and expanded childcare tax credits. Biden also made progress on his climate agenda, hosting a virtual Leaders Summit on Climate and recommitting the United States to the Paris Agreement. He unveiled a series of executive actions aimed at combating climate change, including measures to promote clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Internationally, Biden faced several challenges, including escalating tensions with Russia and China. He imposed sanctions on Russia for its interference in the 2020 presidential election and its occupation of Crimea. He also took a tough stance on China, imposing sanctions for human rights abuses and intellectual property theft. Despite these challenges, Biden made progress on his domestic agenda, signing into law the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill aimed at modernizing the country's infrastructure and creating jobs.

As Joe Biden entered his third year in office, he faced a deeply divided country and a challenging political landscape. Despite these challenges, Biden remained focused on his agenda of unity and progress. He continued to prioritize rebuilding the economy, signing into law the Build Back Better Act, a $1.75 trillion social and climate spending bill aimed at expanding healthcare, education, and childcare. He also made strides in foreign policy, rejoining the Iran nuclear deal and renewing efforts to denuclearize North Korea. He also announced plans to end the United States' military involvement in Afghanistan, fulfilling a campaign promise to bring an end to the country's longest war. Domestically, Biden faced challenges in multiple areas, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and a surge in inflation. He worked to address these issues by rolling out a plan to combat the omicron variant of the virus and implementing measures to address inflation, such as releasing oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Overall, Biden's third year in office was marked by a focus on unity and progress, despite facing significant challenges both at home and abroad. His administration made significant strides in rebuilding the economy, addressing key issues facing the country, and laying the groundwork for future growth and prosperity.

As Joe Biden entered his fourth year in office, he faced a series of challenges that tested his administration's resolve and leadership. The COVID-19 pandemic, which had seemed to be waning, experienced a resurgence with the emergence of the highly contagious Omicron variant. Biden's administration responded by ramping up vaccination efforts, expanding access to testing, and providing additional resources to states and localities. Economically, Biden's administration continued to grapple with inflationary pressures and supply chain disruptions. The Federal Reserve took steps to combat inflation by raising interest rates, while the administration worked to address supply chain issues by investing in infrastructure and promoting domestic manufacturing. One of the biggest challenges of Biden's fourth year was the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Biden imposed sweeping sanctions on Russia and rallied international support for Ukraine, but the conflict continued to escalate, leading to a humanitarian crisis and a refugee exodus from Ukraine. Despite these challenges, Biden achieved several key victories in his fourth year. He signed into law the Voting Rights Advancement Act, aimed at protecting voting rights and combating voter suppression. He also made progress on his climate agenda, hosting the COP26 climate summit and securing commitments from countries around the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Overall, Biden's presidency can be marked by a return to a more traditional style of governance, characterized by a focus on bipartisanship and cooperation. While this approach helped to pass key pieces of legislation, such as the American Rescue Plan and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, it also faced challenges in a deeply divided political landscape. In terms of foreign policy, Biden's presidency was marked by a return to multilateralism and a reassertion of American leadership on the world stage. He reengaged with international organizations and alliances, such as the World Health Organization and the Paris Agreement and sought to strengthen alliances with traditional allies.

Marianne Williamson

Source: The New York Times

Marianne Williamson is the only other democratic contender - her 2024 presidential campaign is likely to build upon the themes and policies of her previous run in 2020. At 71 years old, she is a self-help author known for her focus on addressing climate change and student loan debt. She was previously a spiritual leader of a Michigan Unity church, and while she suspended her presidential campaign on February 7, 2024, she decided to un-suspend it three weeks later. She is known for her emphasis on spiritual and moral principles in politics. Williamson is expected to advocate for progressive policies such as Medicare for All, addressing income inequality, and tackling climate change. Her current campaign messages emphasize the need for a more compassionate and empathetic approach to governance, drawing a sharp contrast with the policies and rhetoric of the previous administration. Her platform also includes proposals for criminal justice reform, education reform, promoting peace and diplomacy in foreign policy, and a strong emphasis on the gun-violence epidemic; if she wins she vows to declare it as a national emergency.

Given her previous experience as a candidate and her established base of supporters, Williamson's campaign is well-organized and focused on general mobilization. However, she faces challenges in gaining mainstream media attention and breaking through in the democratic field, seeing as Joe Biden is heavily seen as the primary option. Overall, Marianne Williamson's 2024 campaign offers a unique and thought-provoking perspective on the pressing issues facing the country, appealing to voters looking for a candidate who combines progressive values with a spiritual and moral vision for America.

Robert F Kennedy Jr

Source: The New York Times

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a prominent environmental lawyer and activist, has entered the political arena with a campaign that has stirred controversy and garnered attention. At 70 years old, Kennedy brings a wealth of experience and a strong commitment to environmental causes. However, his campaign has been marked by his controversial views on vaccination and promotion of conspiracy theories. Kennedy's environmental activism is rooted in his family's legacy of public service and his own passion for protecting the environment. He has been a vocal advocate for clean energy, conservation, and combating climate change. His legal background has allowed him to fight against environmental injustices and advocate for policies that promote sustainability and protect natural resources.

Despite his work in environmental advocacy, Kennedy's campaign has been overshadowed by his anti-vaccination views and promotion of conspiracy theories. Kennedy has been a vocal critic of vaccines, claiming they are unsafe and linked to various health issues. His stance on vaccines has been widely criticized by public health experts and medical professionals, who argue that vaccines are safe and essential for public health. Kennedy's campaign has also been marked by his promotion of conspiracy theories, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 presidential election. His embrace of these fringe beliefs has drawn criticism and raised questions about his judgment and suitability for public office.

In spite of these controversies, Kennedy has gained support from some Americans, particularly among those who share his views on environmental issues. His campaign has highlighted the importance of protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices, resonating with voters concerned about the impact of climate change. Kennedy's campaign faces significant challenges, including overcoming the controversy surrounding his anti-vaccination views and conspiracy theories. His ability to appeal to a broader base of voters beyond his core supporters is crucial to his success. As the campaign progresses, Kennedy has tended to focus on articulating a clear and compelling vision for the future that resonates with a diverse electorate.

Cornel West

Source: The New York Times

Cornel West, a progressive activist and intellectual, has embarked on a campaign that embodies his lifelong commitment to social justice and political change. At 70 years old, West brings a wealth of experience from his work as a campaign staffer for Bernie Sanders and his tenure as a professor of philosophy at both Harvard and Union Theological Seminary. West's campaign is rooted in his deep-seated belief in the need for systemic change to address the pressing issues facing society. Throughout his career, West has been a vocal advocate for civil rights, economic justice, and human rights. His work as a campaign staffer for Bernie Sanders reflects his dedication to advancing a progressive agenda that prioritizes the needs of working people and marginalized communities.

As a professor of philosophy, West has challenged students and colleagues alike to think critically about the world around them. His scholarship and activism have been shaped by his unwavering commitment to truth, justice, and democracy. West's campaign is an extension of his academic and activist work, seeking to translate his ideas into concrete policies that will improve the lives of everyday Americans. West's campaign has gained support from a wide range of progressive groups and individuals who are drawn to his bold vision for change. His platform includes proposals for universal healthcare, a living wage, and criminal justice reform. West has also been a vocal critic of corporate influence in politics, calling for campaign finance reform and greater accountability for elected officials.

Despite his decades of experience and formidable intellect, West's campaign faces challenges, including building name recognition and fundraising. However, his approach of appealing to the individual members in a society (the grassroots approach) and his ability to inspire others with his passion and conviction make him a formidable candidate. Overall, Cornel West's campaign for political office is a testament to his lifelong dedication to social justice and political change. His experience as a progressive activist and scholar gives him a unique perspective on the issues facing society, and his campaign is an opportunity to translate his ideas into action. As West continues to campaign, he undoubtedly has inspired others to join him in the fight for a more just and equitable future.

Jill Stein

Source: The New York Times

Jill Stein, a 73-year-old American physician, has emerged as a prominent figure in the realm of activism and political reform. With a firm belief that the current political system is broken, Stein has dedicated her career to advocating for peace, diplomacy, and systemic change. Her campaign reflects her commitment to addressing the root causes of social and environmental issues. Stein has a unique perspective on the intersection of health and politics. She has been a vocal advocate for healthcare reform, calling for a system that prioritizes universal access to care and preventive medicine. Stein's expertise in healthcare has informed her broader vision for social change, highlighting the interconnectedness of health, environmental sustainability, and social justice.

Her campaign is rooted in her belief that peace and diplomacy are essential components of a just society. She has been a staunch critic of militarism and war, advocating for a foreign policy based on cooperation and diplomacy rather than aggression and intervention. Stein's commitment to peace has resonated with many voters who are weary of endless wars and conflicts. However, despite her progressive platform and passionate advocacy, Stein's campaigns have faced challenges, including limited media coverage and difficulty gaining traction among mainstream voters. However, her candidacy has inspired many to think critically about the political status quo and imagine alternative visions for the future.

As the 2024 presidential election draws near, it is clear there are diverse candidates offering contrasting visions for the future of America. It is vital that voters are educated on each of the candidates so that they can make a well-informed decision on November 5.

Works Cited

Trump:

1. The Associated Press. “Trump Ends 2020 Election Doubts, But Trails Biden in Transition.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 23 Nov. 2020, https://apnews.com/article/trump-biden-republicans-pivot-e1d9ff3444ce5c7cc942250cff057be5.

2. The Associated Press. “Prosecutors Ask Appeals Court to Force Trump to Answer Questions.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 22 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/trump-new-york-business-fraud-lawsuit-1acac26e66862f497782350f172cf970.

3. The Associated Press. “Trump Lawyers Ask to Delay New York Defamation Lawsuit.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 30 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/trump-james-appeal-bond-fraud-new-york-3093352e94274f9daba3d84f0c43467e.

4. The Associated Press. “Judge Tosses Trump Effort to Defend Rape Denial in Court.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 5 Apr. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/e-jean-carroll-trump-defamation-appeal-eaa22724e1f40a6b6389517e07534cf3.

5. The Associated Press. “GOP Voters’ Growing Discomfort with Immigration a Potent 2024 Weapon Against Biden.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 12 Apr. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/trump-immigration-biden-gop-voters-border-migrants-1fc6624188f540f495e1087bee64318e.

6. Lopez, Mark Hugo. “How America Changed During Donald Trump’s Presidency.” Pew Research Center, 29 Jan. 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/2021/01/29/how-america-changed-during-donald-trumps-presidency/.

7. Federal Register. “Executive Orders - Donald Trump - 2020.” Federal Register, The National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.federalregister.gov/presidential-documents/executive-orders/donald-trump/2020.

8. The White House. “Donald J. Trump.” The White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/.

Joe Biden:

1. The Associated Press. “Biden Addresses Nation, Announces Sanctions Against Russia.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 16 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/state-of-union-biden-gaza-ukraine-israel-1a42ff9d4ef3e0f2753e43ac8d39fc18.

2. The Associated Press. “Biden Says Democracy at Risk if Trump Runs in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 24 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/biden-trump-democracy-election-2024-president-8ff0337afec92264ae6fbaf36f55e683.

3. The Associated Press. “Biden Says Democracy at Risk if Trump Runs in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 24 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/biden-trump-democracy-election-2024-president-8ff0337afec92264ae6fbaf36f55e683.

4. The Associated Press. “Biden Says Health Good Enough to Run Again in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 4 Apr. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/biden-physical-health-oldest-president-reelection-trump-05668d241d1a67b51b2a91c302c38985.

5. The Associated Press. “GOP Voters’ Growing Discomfort with Immigration a Potent 2024 Weapon Against Biden.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 12 Apr. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/border-immigration-biden-trump-42c945d02742b169bde40601a27fde02.

6. The White House. “The Record | The White House.” The White House, https://www.whitehouse.gov/therecord/.

Cenk Uygur:

1. News Nation. “Cenk Uygur: What to Know.” News Nation Now, 6 Feb. 2024, https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/2024-election/cenk-uygur-what-to-know/.

2. The Associated Press. “Arkansas Republicans Take Aim at Cenk Uygur’s Candidacy.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 28 Mar. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/arkansas-8e1b795953fa8c52ab21d7c6cf4e2418.

3. The Associated Press. “Arkansas Democrats Side with Uygur in 2024 President Election.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 30 Mar. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/arkansas-cenk-uygur-democrats-president-2024-election-a2e5991c5186ab56cc61b45d30a38718/.

Marianne Williamson:

1. The Associated Press. “Marianne Williamson.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, https://apnews.com/hub/marianne-williamson.

2. The Associated Press. “Marianne Williamson Launches Longshot White House Run.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 4 Jan. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/election-2024-marianne-williamson-faith-longshot-presidential-campaign-752f4bc08f71465d10fae5aee262040f.

3. The Associated Press. “Marianne Williamson Exits Presidential Race.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 10 Mar. 2022, https://apnews.com/iowa-ap-top-news-elections-donald-trump-politics-6dca04808d45ff6b809cb0361fb4291a.

4. The Hill. “Marianne Williamson 'Unsuspends' Her Presidential Campaign.” NY1, 28 Feb. 2024, https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2024/02/28/marianne-williamson--unsuspends--her-presidential-campaign.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr:

1. The Associated Press. “RFK Jr. Announces Independent 2024 Presidential Bid.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 30 Jan. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/rfk-jr-presidential-campaign-independent-2024-30d940109c4956de9c81f332ec418463.

2. The Associated Press. “RFK Jr. Hopes to Energize Democratic Voters in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 3 Feb. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/robert-kennedy-joe-biden-2024-democrat-super-bowl-e4dee4be456e643be11735c6e4029377.

3. The Associated Press. “FEC Complaint Filed Against RFK Jr. Campaign.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 12 Mar. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/dnc-fec-complaint-kenedy-trump-biden-09d42502ca757cd4656b4829c4b4c00d.

4. The Associated Press. “RFK Jr. Announces Presidential Run in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 29 Apr. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/rfk-kennedy-election-2024-president-campaign-621c9e9641381a1b2677df9de5a09731.

Jill Stein:

1. The Associated Press. “Jill Stein Announces 2024 Presidential Run.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 1 Jan. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/jill-stein-running-for-president-2024-f4d6ab729c94f413d5678e68ae4718d4.

2. The Michigan Advance. “In Dearborn Heights Speech, Jill Stein Calls for End to Genocide.” Michigan Advance, 8 Mar. 2024, https://michiganadvance.com/2024/03/08/in-dearborn-heights-speech-jill-stein-calls-for-end-to-genocide/.

3. The Associated Press. “Jill Stein Plans 2024 Presidential Run.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 10 Apr. 2024, https://apnews.com/events-general-news-united-states-presidential-election-df237887b0834aa28825b57f62cf768f.

4. The Associated Press. “Jill Stein Launches 2024 Presidential Bid.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 20 Apr. 2024, https://apnews.com/general-news-d7ec2a9437008b9335869201e55d186b.

Cornel West:

1. The New Republic. “Cornel West 2024: Charlatan or Narcissist?” The New Republic, 15 Mar. 2024, https://newrepublic.com/article/177213/cornel-west-2024-charlatan-narcissist.

2. Florida Phoenix. “Cornel West Forms New Political Party ‘Justice for All,’ He Plans to Be on FL Ballot in November.” Florida Phoenix, 1 Feb. 2024, https://floridaphoenix.com/2024/02/01/cornel-west-forms-new-political-party-justice-for-all-he-plans-to-be-on-fl-ballot-in-november/.

3. ABC News. “Cornel West Courts Muslim, Arab American Voters in Quest for 2024 Presidency.” ABC News, 22 Mar. 2024, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cornel-west-courts-muslim-arab-american-voters-quest/story?id=106109608.

4. The Associated Press. “Cornel West Announces Presidential Run in 2024.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 12 Apr. 2024, https://apnews.com/article/cornel-west-president-independent-green-party-2024-57dd7dbc0bccc10ea866005663398823.